Design and optimization of automotive silencers oriented to Formula Student prototypes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55753/aev.v35e52.18Keywords:
muffler, genetic algorithm, formula sae, vehicle, optimizationAbstract
Formula Student/FSAE competitions establish noise limits for Formula SAE prototypes powered by internal-combustion engines; thus ensuring auditory protection for all participants. Current regulations establish sound pressure level (SPL) limits of 103,0 dB(C) and 110 dB(C) for idle engine speed and test speed conditions, respectively, under specifically determined measurement conditions. Many teams often struggle to comply with such regulations effectively, given that successful case studies are seldom documented. This work proposes a methodology for just such a purpose through detailed discussion of designing and optimizing the construction of such silencers, for the cases cited herein. Characterization and modeling methods are addressed based upon source sound power levels and sound pressure level prediction. The prototypes are proposed and discussed in detail, as well as the decision-making process involved for their selection. Furthermore, the application of Genetic Algorithms to silencer optimization (in the low-frequency range) linked to the transfer matrix method is conducted and discussed. A thousand generations (with 50 individuals each) are studied, directing the case under study to reduce predicted global sound pressure levels by 3,3 dB(C) on average. This study has resulted in a design that safely complies with the limits set by current regulations. With respect to validation, the prototype built under both conditions measured 89,9 dB(C) and 108,5 dB(C), respectively.
References
ENGINEERS, Society of Automotive. Formula SAE Rules 2019. [S.l.], 2018.
MOTORCYCLES, Honda. Manual do proprietário - Honda CBR600RR. [S.l.: s.n.], 2008.
BERANEK, Leo Leroy; L., Ver I. Noise and vibration control engineering: principles and applications. [S.l.]: John Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN 9780471449423.
ALLAM, S.; ABOM, M. A new type of muffler based on microperforated tubes. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, v. 133, n. 3, 2011, doi: 10.1115/1.4002956. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4002956
ZORZO, Artur; FONSECA, William D’A. Estudo da técnica de identificação de sistemas implementada em microcontroladores Arduino Due e Teensy 3.6. Acústica e Vibrações, v. 32, n. 49, p. 5–14, 2017. ISSN 1983-442X. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/identificacao-de-sistemas- AeV49.
MUNJAL, M. L. Acoustics of ducts and mufflers. [S.l.]: Wiley, 2014. ISBN 978-1118443125.
KIM, Hyun-Sil; KIM, Jae-Seung; LEE, Seong-Hyun; SEO, Yun-Ho. A simple formula for insertion loss prediction of large acoustical enclosures using statistical energy analysis method. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v. 6, n. 4, p. 894–903, 2014. ISSN 2092-6782. doi: 10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-0220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-0220
ATIG, Mérouane; DALMONT, Jean-Pierre; GILBERT, Joël. Termination impedance of open-ended cylindrical tubes at high sound pressure level. Comptes Rendus Mécanique, v. 332, n. 4, p. 299–304, 2004. ISSN 1631-0721. doi: 10.1016/j.crme.2004.02.008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crme.2004.02.008
VIJAYASREE, N.k.; MUNJAL, M.l. On an integrated transfer matrix method for multiply connected mufflers. Journal of Sound and Vibration, v. 331, n. 8, p. 1926–1938, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2011.12.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2011.12.003
SILVA, Gabriela Cristina Cândido. Estudo analítico e numérico do desempenho acústico de silenciadores reativos na presença de escoamento médico incompressível. Tese (Doutorado) — Universidade de Brasília, 2016. Disponível em: https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/21 622.
THIEME, Fábio Alexandre. Atenuação de ruído em silenciadores automotivos: análise numérica pelo método das matrizes de transferência e verificação experimental. Dissertação (Mestrado) — Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 2000. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/1 23456789/78532.
CONZATTI, Alcir Francisco. Estudo numérico e experimental de filtros acústicos. Tese (Doutorado) — Dissertação de mestrado. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, 2002. Disponível em: http://bdtd.ibict.br/vufind/Reco rd/P_PR_1809cc2b87eb13bfec7a0d225ac76 212.
LIMA, Key Fonseca de et al. Metodologia de avaliação de filtros acústicos reativos. Tese (Doutorado) — Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 2008. Disponível em: http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123 456789/91444.
BORIN, Marcel; MAREZE, Paulo; BRANDÃO, Eric; FONSECA, William D’A. Análise acústica de filtros reativos com escoamento de ar. In: XXVII Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Acústica - Sobrac 2017. Brasília, DF: [s.n.], 2016. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/filtros- sobrac2017.
CAMPOS, Brenno Victor Lima et al. Controle de ruído em dutos usando metamateriais do tipo ressonadores de Helmholtz. Dissertação (Mestrado) — Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 2018. Disponível em: http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/RE POSIP/332213.
SGARD, Franck; ATALLA, Noureddine. Finite Element and Boundary Methods in Structural Acoustics and Vibration. [S.l.]: CRC Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1466592872.
CˇERVENKA, M.; BEDNARˇ ÍK, M. Optimized compact wideband reactive silencers with annular resonators. Journal of Sound and Vibration, v. 484, p. 115497, 2020. ISSN 0022-460X. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115497
ARSLAN, Hakan; RANJBAR, Mostafa; SECGIN, Erkan; CELIK, Veli. Theoretical and experimental investigation of acoustic performance of multi-chamber reactive silencers. Applied Acoustics, v. 157, 2020. ISSN 0003-682X. doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2019.07.035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2019.07.035
FANG, Z.; JI, Z.l.; LIU, C.y. Acoustic attenuation analysis of silencers with multi-chamber by using coupling method based on subdomain division technique. Applied Acoustics, v. 116, p. 152–163, 2017. ISSN 0003-682X. doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.09.019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.09.019
FANG, Z.; LIU, C.y. Semi-weak-form mesh-free method for acoustic attenuation analysis of silencers with arbitrary but axially uniform transversal sections. Journal of Sound and Vibration, v. 442, p. 752–769, 2019. ISSN 0022-460X. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2018.11.033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2018.11.033
SADEGHI, Javad; SADEGHI, Saeid; NIAKI, Seyed Taghi Akhavan. Optimizing a hybrid vendor-managed inventory and transportation problem with fuzzy demand: An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. Information Sciences, v. 272, p. 126–144, 2014. ISSN 0020-0255. doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2014.02.075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2014.02.075
RIAZI, Amin. Genetic algorithm and a double-chromosome implementation to the traveling salesman problem. SN Applied Sciences, v. 1, n. 11, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s42452-019- 1469-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1469-1
PRESS, William H.; TEUKOLSKY, Saul A.; VETTERLING, William T. Chapter 9. Root Finding and Nonlinear Sets of Equations. In: Numerical recipes: the art of scientific computing. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0521880688.
International Organization for Standardization. Standard ISO 3744:2010 - Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure – Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane. [S.l.], 2015. Disponível em: https://www.iso.org/standard/5 2055.html.
BERANEK, Leo L. ACOUSTICS: Sound fields, Transducers and Vibration. [S.l.]: Elsevier Academic Press, 2019. ISBN 978-0123914217.
BIES, David A.; HANSEN, Colin H.; HOWARD, Carl Q. Engineering noise control. [S.l.]: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. ISBN 978-1498724050.
PICCINI, Alexandre; MAREZE, Paulo H.; FONSECA, William D’A.; FREITAS, Cássio; BALBOM, Felipe; MARTINS, Mario E. S. Silencer Design Methodology for Motorsport Prototypes. SAE Technical Paper Series, Out. 2019. doi: 10.4271/2019-36-0295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-36-0295
JEON, Soohong; KIM, Daehwan; HONG, Chinsuk; JEONG, Weuibong. Acoustic performance of industrial mufflers with CAE modeling and simulation. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v. 6, n. 4, p. 935–946, 2014. ISSN 2092-6782. doi: 10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-0223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-0223
GHANADI, Farzin; ARJOMANDI, Maziar; CAZZOLATO, Ben; ZANDER, Anthony. Interaction of a flow-excited helmholtz resonator with a grazing turbulent boundary layer. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, v. 58, p. 80 92, 2014. ISSN 0894-1777. doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.06.016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.06.016
GHANADI, Farzin; ARJOMANDI, Maziar; CAZZOLATO, Benjamin; ZANDER, Anthony. Understanding of the flow behaviour on a helmholtz resonator excited by grazing flow. International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, v. 28, n. 5, p. 219–231, 2014. ISSN 1061-8562. doi: 10.1080/10618562.2014.922681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10618562.2014.922681
MEISSNER, M. Excitation of Helmholtz resonator by grazing air flow. Journal of Sound and Vibration, v. 256, n. 2, p. 382 388, 2002. ISSN 0022-460X. doi: 10.1006/jsvi.2001.4219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.2001.4219
CHU, C. I.; HUA, H. T.; LIAO, I. C. Effects of three-dimensional modes on acoustic performance of reversal flow mufflers with rectangular cross-section. Computers & Structures, 2001. ISSN 0045-7949. doi: 10.1016/S0045- 7949(00)00184-X.
SILVA, Andrey R. da; MAREZE, Paulo Henrique; LENZI, Arcanjo. Approximate expressions for the reflection coefficient of ducts terminated by circular flanges. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, v. 34, n. 2, 2012. ISSN 1678-5878. doi: 10.1590/S1678-58782012000200014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-58782012000200014
GEUZAINE, Christophe; REMACLE, Jean- François. Gmsh: A 3-D finite element mesh generator with built-in pre- and post-processing facilities. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, v. 79, n. 11, p. 1309–1331, Out. 2009. doi: 10.1002/nme.2579. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.2579
BARBIERI, Renato; BARBIERI, Nilson. Finite element acoustic simulation based shape optimization of a muffler. Applied Acoustics, v. 67, n. 4, p. 346–357, 2006. ISSN 0003-682X. doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2005.06.007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2005.06.007
LIMA, Key Fonseca De; LENZI, Arcanjo; BARBIERI, Renato. The study of reactive silencers by shape and parametric optimization techniques. Applied Acoustics, v. 72, n. 4, p. 142–150, 2011. ISSN 0003-682X. doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2010.11.008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2010.11.008
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Revista Acústica e Vibrações
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
